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The Male Attitude Norms Inventory-II

A Measure of Masculinity Ideology in South Africa

University of Cape Town

This article describes the development of the Male Attitude Norms Inventory-II (MANI II). Empirical findings and theoretical debate contributed toward the development of a measure of South African masculinity ideology. Three hundred and thirty-nine male participants, drawn from universities across greater Cape Town, were included in the study. Exploratory factor analysis rendered a three-factor model of traditional masculinity. This accounted for 31.44 percent of total item variance. Results informed the development of a Total Scale ( = 0.90)as well as three subscale measures (Toughness, = 0.81; Control, = 0.82; and Sexuality, = 0.85). The MANI-II displayed satisfactory convergent validity with the Male Role Norms Inventory (MRNI) (r = 0.84; p < 0.001). The MANI-II and MRNI subscales were also meaningfully interrelated. The MANI-II offers a contextually sensitive and multidimensional measure of masculinities. Future research should include a representative sample, establish test-retest reliability, and further examine total and subscale construct validity.

Key Words: South Africa • masculinities • masculinity ideology • measurement

Men and Masculinities, Vol. 8, No. 2, 208-229 (2005)
DOI: 10.1177/1097184X04264631


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